def test_crud_app(client: TestClient):
    # TODO: this warns that SQLModel.from_orm is deprecated in Pydantic v1, refactor
    # this if using obj.model_validate becomes independent of Pydantic v2
    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
        warnings.simplefilter("always")
        # No heroes before creating
        response = client.get("heroes/")
        assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
        assert response.json() == []

    Convert any object to something that can be encoded in JSON.

    This is used internally by FastAPI to make sure anything you return can be
    encoded as JSON before it is sent to the client.

    You can also use it yourself, for example to convert objects before saving them
    in a database that supports only JSON.

    Read more about it in the

def test_crud_app(client: TestClient):
    # TODO: this warns that SQLModel.from_orm is deprecated in Pydantic v1, refactor
    # this if using obj.model_validate becomes independent of Pydantic v2
    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
        warnings.simplefilter("always")
        # No heroes before creating
        response = client.get("heroes/")
        assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
        assert response.json() == []

        {
            "components": {
                "schemas": {
                    "Address": {
                        # NOTE: the description of this model shows only the public-facing text, before the `\f` in docstring
                        "description": "This is a public description of an Address\n",
                        "properties": {
                            "city": {"title": "City", "type": "string"},

text surrounded by `«««` and `»»»` is a BLOCK OF LITERAL TEXT which spans multiple lines. To get its content, dedent all lines of the block until the `«««` and `»»»` are at column zero, then remove the newline (`\n`) after the `«««` and the newline before the `»»»`. The `«««` and the `»»»` are not part of the literal text block, they are the meta characters denoting it.

3) If you see backticks or any other quotes inside literal text – inside `«` and `»` –  or inside blocks of literal text...

            should start (the code before `yield`) and when it should end (the code
            after `yield`).

            * `"function"`: start the dependency before the *path operation function*
                that handles the request, end the dependency after the *path operation
                function* ends, but **before** the response is sent back to the client.

    assert response.json() == {
        "detail": [
            {
                "type": "json_invalid",
                "loc": ["body", 1],
                "msg": "JSON decode error",
                "input": {},
                "ctx": {"error": "Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes"},
            }
        ]
    }


def test_post_form_for_json(client: TestClient):

    prefixItems: Optional[list["SchemaOrBool"]] = None
    # TODO: uncomment and remove below when deprecating Pydantic v1
    # It generates a list of schemas for tuples, before prefixItems was available
    # items: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
    items: Optional[Union["SchemaOrBool", list["SchemaOrBool"]]] = None
    contains: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None

        if isinstance(field_info, FieldInfo):
            field_info.annotation = type_annotation

    # Get Depends from type annotation
    if depends is not None and depends.dependency is None:
        # Copy `depends` before mutating it
        depends = copy(depends)
        depends = dataclasses.replace(depends, dependency=type_annotation)

    # Handle non-param type annotations like Request
    if lenient_issubclass(

        * Reading a body before and/or after a request (equivalent to a middleware).
        * Run middleware-like code only for a subset of *path operations*.
        * Process a request before passing it to a *path operation function*. E.g. decompressing, deserializing, etc.