} else {
      rangesByLowerBound.put(range.lowerBound, range);
    }
  }

  @LazyInit private transient @Nullable RangeSet<C> complement;

  @Override
  public RangeSet<C> complement() {
    RangeSet<C> result = complement;
    return (result == null) ? complement = new Complement() : result;
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  static final class RangesByUpperBound<C extends Comparable<?>>

    this(ranges, /* complement= */ null);
  }

  private ImmutableRangeSet(
      ImmutableList<Range<C>> ranges, @Nullable ImmutableRangeSet<C> complement) {
    this.ranges = ranges;
    this.complement = complement;
  }

  private final transient ImmutableList<Range<C>> ranges;
  private final transient @Nullable ImmutableRangeSet<C> complement;

  @Override

        assertNotNull(zeroAvFlags, "AvFlags object should not be null for zero bytes");
        assertEquals(0, zeroAvFlags.getFlags(), "Flags should be 0 for zero bytes");

        // Test with negative integer (two's complement)
        byte[] negativeBytes = new byte[] { (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF }; // Represents -1
        AvFlags negativeAvFlags = new AvFlags(negativeBytes);

//
// If operating in binary mode, this assumes strict GNU binary mode; which means
// that the first byte can only be either 0x80 or 0xff. Thus, the first byte is
// equivalent to the sign bit in two's complement form.
func fitsInBase256(n int, x int64) bool {
	binBits := uint(n-1) * 8
	return n >= 9 || (x >= -1<<binBits && x < 1<<binBits)
}

// parseNumeric parses the input as being encoded in either base-256 or octal.

    to learn more.
*   Adds optional `exclude_cols` parameter to CsvDataset. This parameter is the
    complement of `select_cols`; at most one of these should be specified.
*   We have implemented an optimization which reorders data-discarding
    transformations such as `take` and `shard` to happen earlier in the dataset