// Check that no two flags overlap (except combined flags)
            for (int i = 0; i < flags.length; i++) {
                for (int j = i + 1; j < flags.length; j++) {
                    assertEquals(0, flags[i] & flags[j], String.format("Flags at index %d and %d should not overlap", i, j));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Nested

   * Overlapping ranges and empty ranges are forbidden, though adjacent ranges are permitted and
   * will be merged.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any ranges overlap or are empty
   * @since 21.0
   */
  public static <C extends Comparable<?>> ImmutableRangeSet<C> copyOf(Iterable<Range<C>> ranges) {
    return new ImmutableRangeSet.Builder<C>().addAll(ranges).build();
  }

Also, the best approach was to use already existing standards.

So, before even starting to code **FastAPI**, I spent several months studying the specs for OpenAPI, JSON Schema, OAuth2, etc. Understanding their relationship, overlap, and differences.

## Design { #design }

Then I spent some time designing the developer "API" I wanted to have as a user (as a developer using FastAPI).

                assertNotEquals(attributes[i], attributes[j], "Attributes should have distinct values");
                assertEquals(0, attributes[i] & attributes[j], "Attributes should not overlap in bit patterns");
            }
        }
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should have resource types with power-of-2 values")
    void testResourceTypeBitPatterns() {

            byte[] outputBytes, int ioctlFlags) {
        final int headerLen = 64; // SMB2 header is 64 bytes
        final int bodyFixed = 48; // body size minus 1 for structure size field overlap
        final int payloadStart = headerLen + bodyFixed;
        final int bodyLen = bodyFixed + inputCount + outputCount;

        byte[] buf = new byte[bodyLen];
        int pos = 0;

        assertEquals(2, resolvedFirst.length);
        assertEquals("user1", ((SID) resolvedFirst[0]).acctName);
        assertEquals("user2", ((SID) resolvedFirst[1]).acctName);

        // Second call with overlap should use cache for s2 and s3, requiring only s3 if not cached
        // Mark s3 unresolved to force resolve of one element
        doAnswer(inv -> {
            SID[] toResolve = inv.getArgument(2);

            assertEquals(0x0002, Smb2Constants.SMB2_NEGOTIATE_SIGNING_REQUIRED, "Signing required flag must be 0x0002");
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Signing flags should not overlap")
        void testSigningFlagsNoOverlap() {
            assertNotEquals(Smb2Constants.SMB2_NEGOTIATE_SIGNING_ENABLED, Smb2Constants.SMB2_NEGOTIATE_SIGNING_REQUIRED,
                    "Signing flags must be distinct");

             * It is invalid for the source path to be a child of the destination
             * path or visa versa.
             */
            if (this.fileLocator.overlaps(dest.getLocator())) {
                throw new SmbException("Source and destination paths overlap.");
            }

            final WriterThread w = new WriterThread();
            w.setDaemon(true);

            try {
                w.start();

                    && canon.regionMatches(true, 0, dest.canon, 0, Math.min(canon.length(), dest.canon.length()))) {
                throw new SmbException("Source and destination paths overlap.");
            }
        } catch (final UnknownHostException uhe) {}

        w = new WriterThread();
        w.setDaemon(true);
        w.start();

Kubernetes now allows users to define the cluster Service CIDR via an API object: ServiceCIDR.