}

    /**
     * Safe integer multiplication with overflow check
     *
     * @param a first operand
     * @param b second operand
     * @return product of a and b
     * @throws ArithmeticException if overflow occurs
     */
    public static int safeMultiply(int a, int b) {
        validateIntegerMultiplication(a, b, "Multiplication");
        return a * b;
    }

    /**

                    int safeShift = Math.min(MAX_BACKOFF_SHIFT, Math.max(0, retryCount - 1));
                    long multiplier = 1L << safeShift;
                    // Check for potential overflow before multiplication
                    long delay = (retryDelayMs > Long.MAX_VALUE / multiplier) ? MAX_RETRY_DELAY
                            : Math.min(MAX_RETRY_DELAY, retryDelayMs * multiplier);
                    Thread.sleep(delay);

        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> InputValidator.safeAdd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, -1));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test safe integer multiplication")
    void testSafeMultiplication() {
        assertEquals(100, InputValidator.safeMultiply(10, 10));
        assertEquals(-100, InputValidator.safeMultiply(10, -10));

        if (result > Integer.MAX_VALUE || result < Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            failedValidations.incrementAndGet();
            integerOverflowsPrevented.incrementAndGet();
            log.warn("Integer overflow in multiplication: {} * {} = {}", a, b, result);
            throw new SmbException("Integer overflow detected");
        }
        return (int) result;
    }

    /**
     * Validate SMB message size
     *

            // When
            int bytesConsumed = fileFsSizeInfo.decode(bufferArray, 0, bufferArray.length);

            // Then
            assertEquals(24, bytesConsumed);
            // Note: multiplication may overflow, but that's expected behavior
            long expectedCapacity = Long.MAX_VALUE * (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE * (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            assertEquals(expectedCapacity, fileFsSizeInfo.getCapacity());

            // When
            int bytesConsumed = fileFsFullSizeInfo.decode(bufferArray, 0, bufferArray.length);

            // Then
            assertEquals(32, bytesConsumed);
            // Note: multiplication may overflow, but that's expected behavior
            long expectedCapacity = Long.MAX_VALUE * (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE * (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            assertEquals(expectedCapacity, fileFsFullSizeInfo.getCapacity());

* L'apprentissage automatique (ou **Machine Learning**) : cela nécessite de nombreuses multiplications de matrices et vecteurs. Imaginez une énorme feuille de calcul remplie de nombres que vous multiplierez entre eux tous au même moment.

* **Machine Learning**: it normally requires lots of "matrix" and "vector" multiplications. Think of a huge spreadsheet with numbers and multiplying all of them together at the same time.