byte[] dest = new byte[5];

        // Expect IndexOutOfBoundsException from System.arraycopy
        assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> {
            encodable.encode(dest, 3); // destIndex=3, len=3, dest.length=5. 3+3 > 5
        }, "Should throw IndexOutOfBoundsException if destination offset + length exceeds destination array bounds");
    }

    @Test
    void testEncodeNullSourceArray() {