assertNull(StringUtil.newStringUnsafe(null));
        char[] chars = new char[0];
        assertThat(StringUtil.newStringUnsafe(chars), is(""));
        chars = new char[] { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
        assertThat(StringUtil.newStringUnsafe(chars), is("abc"));
        chars = new char[] { 'a', 'b', 'c', ' ' };
        assertThat(StringUtil.newStringUnsafe(chars), is("abc "));
    }

        if (isEmpty(name)) {
            return name;
        }
        final char[] chars = name.toCharArray();
        if (chars.length >= 2 && Character.isUpperCase(chars[0]) && Character.isUpperCase(chars[1])) {
            return name;
        }
        chars[0] = Character.toLowerCase(chars[0]);
        return new String(chars);
    }

    /**
     * Capitalizes a string according to JavaBeans conventions.

        // Test extended ASCII characters (not valid URL chars without encoding)
        assertFalse(CharUtil.isUrlChar('\u00A0')); // non-breaking space
        assertFalse(CharUtil.isUrlChar('\u00FF')); // ÿ
    }

    public void test_isUrlChar_unicode() {
        // Test Unicode characters (not valid URL chars without encoding)
        assertFalse(CharUtil.isUrlChar('\u3042')); // あ (Hiragana)

        String input = "Test" + String.valueOf((char) 0x0020) // space
                + String.valueOf((char) 0x0009) // tab
                + String.valueOf((char) 0x000A) // line feed
                + String.valueOf((char) 0x000D) // carriage return
                + String.valueOf((char) 0xD7FF) + String.valueOf((char) 0xE000) + String.valueOf((char) 0xFFFD);
        String result = XmlUtil.stripInvalidXMLCharacters(input);

     * @return the detected delimiter character
     */
    protected Character detectDelimiter(final String line) {
        final char[] candidates = { ',', '\t', ';', '|' };
        int maxCount = 0;
        char bestDelimiter = ',';

        for (final char candidate : candidates) {
            final int count = countOccurrences(line, candidate);
            if (count > maxCount) {

        if (initialCapacity > 0 && initialCapacity <= MAX_BUF_SIZE) {
            bufferSize = initialCapacity;
        } else {
            bufferSize = DEFAULT_BUF_SIZE;
        }
        char[] buf = new char[bufferSize];
        int size = 0;
        int len;
        try {
            while ((len = reader.read(buf, size, bufferSize - size)) != -1) {
                size += len;

    default char[] getQueryHighlightBoundaryCharsAsArray() {
        final int[] values = getCrawlerDocumentCharsAsArray(QUERY_HIGHLIGHT_BOUNDARY_CHARS, getQueryHighlightBoundaryChars());
        final char[] chars = new char[values.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
            chars[i] = (char) values[i];
        }
        return chars;
    }

     *
     * @param c the character to check
     * @return {@code true} if the character is a valid URL character, {@code false} otherwise
     */
    public static boolean isUrlChar(final char c) {
        return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') //
                || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') //
                || (c >= '0' && c <= '9') //
                || c == '.' || c == '-' || c == '*' || c == '_' //

                    list.add(sb.toString());
                    sb = new StringBuilder();
                }
                pos += separator.length();
                continue;
            }

            char ch = s.charAt(pos);
            pos++;
            if (ch == '\\') {
                sb.append(ch);
                if (pos >= end) {
                    break; // ERROR, or let it go?
                }

    public static String stripInvalidXMLCharacters(final String in) {
        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(in)) {
            return in;
        }

        final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(in.length());
        char c;
        for (int i = 0; i < in.length(); i++) {
            c = in.charAt(i);
            if (c == 0x9 || c == 0xA || c == 0xD || (c >= 0x20 && c <= 0xD7FF) || (c >= 0xE000 && c <= 0xFFFD)