{!> ../../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-9]!}

    # Code below omitted 👇
    ```

    <details>
    <summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>

    ```Python
    {!> ../../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py39.py!}
    ```

    </details>

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="9"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001.py[ln:1-9]!}

    {!> ../../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-9]!}

    # Code unterhalb weggelassen 👇
    ```

    <details>
    <summary>👀 Vollständige Dateivorschau</summary>

    ```Python
    {!> ../../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py39.py!}
    ```

    </details>

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="9"

    sub: Optional[SubItem] = None
    if PYDANTIC_V2:
        model_config = {"json_schema_serialization_defaults_required": True}


def get_app_client(separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True) -> TestClient:
    app = FastAPI(separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas)

    @app.post("/items/")
    def create_item(item: Item):
        return item

    @app.post("/items-list/")

    page.screenshot(
        path="docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/separate-openapi-schemas/image03.png"
    )

    # ---------------------
    context.close()
    browser.close()


process = subprocess.Popen(
    ["uvicorn", "docs_src.separate_openapi_schemas.tutorial001:app"]
)
try:
    with sync_playwright() as playwright:
        run(playwright)
finally:

    page.get_by_role("button", name="Execute").click()
    page.screenshot(
        path="docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/separate-openapi-schemas/image02.png"
    )

    # ---------------------
    context.close()
    browser.close()


process = subprocess.Popen(
    ["uvicorn", "docs_src.separate_openapi_schemas.tutorial001:app"]
)
try:
    with sync_playwright() as playwright:
        run(playwright)
finally:

## FastAPI App with Tags

In many cases your FastAPI app will be bigger, and you will probably use tags to separate different groups of *path operations*.

For example, you could have a section for **items** and another section for **users**, and they could be separated by tags:

=== "Python 3.9+"

    ```Python hl_lines="21  26  34"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial002_py39.py!}

            data["client_secret"] = form_data.client_secret
        return data
    ```

    Note that for OAuth2 the scope `items:read` is a single scope in an opaque string.
    You could have custom internal logic to separate it by colon caracters (`:`) or
    similar, and get the two parts `items` and `read`. Many applications do that to
    group and organize permissions, you could do it as well in your application, just

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None


app = FastAPI(separate_input_output_schemas=False)


@app.post("/items/")
def create_item(item: Item):
    return item


@app.get("/items/")
def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(
            name="Portal Gun",

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310, needs_pydanticv2


@pytest.fixture(name="client")
def get_client() -> TestClient:
    from docs_src.separate_openapi_schemas.tutorial002_py310 import app

    client = TestClient(app)
    return client


@needs_py310
def test_create_item(client: TestClient) -> None:
    response = client.post("/items/", json={"name": "Foo"})

```

...the path would be:

```
/items/foo
```

!!! info
    A "path" is also commonly called an "endpoint" or a "route".

While building an API, the "path" is the main way to separate "concerns" and "resources".

#### Operation

"Operation" here refers to one of the HTTP "methods".

One of:

* `POST`
* `GET`
* `PUT`
* `DELETE`

...and the more exotic ones: