* @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the check fail. The
   *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
   *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
   *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
   *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.

  private static class Sha512Holder {
    static final HashFunction SHA_512 =
        new MessageDigestHashFunction("SHA-512", "Hashing.sha512()");
  }

  /**
   * Returns a hash function implementing the Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm, using the
   * MD5 (128 hash bits) hash function and the given secret key.
   *
   * <p>If you are designing a new system that needs HMAC, prefer {@link #hmacSha256} or other

          }
        };

    private PermittedMetaException(String message) {
      super(message);
    }

    abstract boolean isPermitted(Exception exception);

    void assertPermitted(Exception exception) {
      if (!isPermitted(exception)) {
        String message =
            "Exception "
                + exception.getClass().getSimpleName()

      statsCounter.recordLoadException(ticker.read() - startTime);
      throw new ExecutionError(e);
    }

    if (calculatedValue == null) {
      String message = loader + " returned null for key " + key + ".";
      throw new CacheLoader.InvalidCacheLoadException(message);
    }
    statsCounter.recordLoadSuccess(ticker.read() - startTime);
    return calculatedValue;
  }

  private V getIfPresent(Object key) {

   * eliminate duplicate keys (for buildKeepingLast()) then we have to ensure that a later call to
   * buildOrThrow() will still throw as if the duplicates had not been eliminated. And the exception
   * message must mention two values that were associated with the duplicate key in two different
   * calls to Builder.put (though we don't really care *which* two values if there were more than

      if (overWaitUnits > 0) {
        message += overWaitUnits + " " + unitString;
        if (shouldShowExtraNanos) {
          message += ",";
        }
        message += " ";
      }
      if (shouldShowExtraNanos) {
        message += overWaitLeftoverNanos + " nanoseconds ";
      }

      message += "delay)";
    }

          }
        };

    private PermittedMetaException(String message) {
      super(message);
    }

    abstract boolean isPermitted(Exception exception);

    void assertPermitted(Exception exception) {
      if (!isPermitted(exception)) {
        String message =
            "Exception "
                + exception.getClass().getSimpleName()

      // fail(), but with the JUnit-supplied message.
      assertEquals("Using seed " + seed, expected, actual);
    }
  }

  private static void assertEqualsUsingStartedWith(
      Collection<?> startedWith, @Nullable Object expected, @Nullable Object actual) {
    if (!equal(actual, expected)) {
      // fail(), but with the JUnit-supplied message.
      assertEquals("Started with " + startedWith, expected, actual);

   *
   * @author Louis Wasserman
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static final class DecodingException extends IOException {
    DecodingException(@Nullable String message) {
      super(message);
    }
  }

  /** Encodes the specified byte array, and returns the encoded {@code String}. */
  public String encode(byte[] bytes) {
    return encode(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
  }

    public int size() {
      return IntMath.saturatedAdd(rest.length, 1);
    }

    @Override
    @ParametricNullness
    public E get(int index) {
      // check explicitly so the IOOBE will have the right message
      checkElementIndex(index, size());
      return (index == 0) ? first : rest[index - 1];
    }

    @J2ktIncompatible private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
  }