* libraries offer better ways to decouple components and react to events.
 *
 * <p>To decouple components, we recommend a dependency-injection framework. For Android code, most
 * apps use <a href="https://dagger.dev">Dagger</a>. For server code, common options include <a
 * href="https://github.com/google/guice/wiki/Motivation">Guice</a> and <a

    private final Adder adder;

    FailsToForwardReturnValue(Adder adder) {
      this.adder = adder;
    }

    @Override
    public int add(int a, int b) {
      return adder.add(a, b) + 1;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return adder.toString();
    }
  }

  private static class FailsToPropagateException implements Adder {

   *     is reached
   * @return the padded string
   */
  public static String padStart(String string, int minLength, char padChar) {
    checkNotNull(string); // eager for GWT.
    if (string.length() >= minLength) {
      return string;
    }
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(minLength);
    for (int i = string.length(); i < minLength; i++) {
      sb.append(padChar);

 * automate the process, often adding features like monitoring, debugging, and cancellation.
 * Examples of frameworks include:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li><a href="https://dagger.dev/producers.html">Dagger Producers</a>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>The main purpose of {@link #addListener addListener} is to support this chaining. You will

 * automate the process, often adding features like monitoring, debugging, and cancellation.
 * Examples of frameworks include:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li><a href="https://dagger.dev/producers.html">Dagger Producers</a>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>The main purpose of {@link #addListener addListener} is to support this chaining. You will

    Function<Integer, Integer> adder =
        new Function<Integer, Integer>() {
          @Override
          public Integer apply(Integer from) {
            return from + holder.value;
          }
        };

    // Since holder.value is 2, applying 4 should yield 6.
    assertEquals(6, adder.apply(4).intValue());

    Function<Integer, Integer> adder =
        new Function<Integer, Integer>() {
          @Override
          public Integer apply(Integer from) {
            return from + holder.value;
          }
        };

    // Since holder.value is 2, applying 4 should yield 6.
    assertEquals(6, adder.apply(4).intValue());

  }

  // enum singleton pattern
  private enum ToStringFunction implements Function<Object, String> {
    INSTANCE;

    @Override
    public String apply(Object o) {
      checkNotNull(o); // eager for GWT.
      return o.toString();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return "Functions.toStringFunction()";
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the identity function.
   *

   * a good policy, especially because, in order for the test to pass, the
   * parameter must be misleadingly annotated as @Nullable. I suspect that
   * we'll want to remove @Nullable, add an eager checkNotNull, and loosen up
   * testRemove_nullAllowed.
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @Override
  public int remove(@CheckForNull Object element, int occurrences) {
    if (occurrences == 0) {

    // TODO(dbeaumont): Switch to static factory methods for creation now that class is final.
    // TODO(dbeaumont): Support escapers where alphanumeric chars are not safe.
    checkNotNull(safeChars); // eager for GWT.
    // Avoid any misunderstandings about the behavior of this escaper
    if (safeChars.matches(".*[0-9A-Za-z].*")) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(