* Preconditions} class use this formatter, for both of the reasons just discussed.
   *
   * <p><b>Warning:</b> Only the exact two-character placeholder sequence {@code "%s"} is
   * recognized.
   *
   * @param template a string containing zero or more {@code "%s"} placeholder sequences. {@code
   *     null} is treated as the four-character string {@code "null"}.

   *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
   *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
   *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
   *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.

    return (Collector) TO_OPTIONAL;
  }

  private static final Object NULL_PLACEHOLDER = new Object();

  private static final Collector<@Nullable Object, ?, @Nullable Object> ONLY_ELEMENT =
      Collector.<@Nullable Object, ToOptionalState, @Nullable Object>of(
          ToOptionalState::new,
          (state, o) -> state.add((o == null) ? NULL_PLACEHOLDER : o),
          ToOptionalState::combine,
          state -> {

    if (copy.isEmpty()) {
      // Having no services causes the manager to behave strangely. Notably, listeners are never
      // fired. To avoid this we substitute a placeholder service.
      logger
          .get()
          .log(
              Level.WARNING,
              "ServiceManager configured with no services.  Is your application configured"
                  + " properly?",

   *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
   *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
   *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
   *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.

     * consist strictly of loading values, though during refresh a value may be both active and
     * loading.
     */
    boolean isActive();
  }

  /** Placeholder. Indicates that the value hasn't been set yet. */
  static final ValueReference<Object, Object> UNSET =
      new ValueReference<Object, Object>() {
        @CheckForNull
        @Override
        public Object get() {

     * consist strictly of loading values, though during refresh a value may be both active and
     * loading.
     */
    boolean isActive();
  }

  /** Placeholder. Indicates that the value hasn't been set yet. */
  static final ValueReference<Object, Object> UNSET =
      new ValueReference<Object, Object>() {
        @CheckForNull
        @Override
        public Object get() {

    return 3;
  }

  // TODO: Consolidate different copies in one single place.
  static String format(String template, Object... args) {
    // start substituting the arguments into the '%s' placeholders
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(template.length() + 16 * args.length);
    int templateStart = 0;
    int i = 0;
    while (i < args.length) {