// oh, there's the end of the stream
      return combineBuffers(bufs, MAX_ARRAY_LEN);
    } else {
      throw new OutOfMemoryError("input is too large to fit in a byte array");
    }
  }

  private static byte[] combineBuffers(Queue<byte[]> bufs, int totalLen) {
    if (bufs.isEmpty()) {
      return new byte[0];
    }
    byte[] result = bufs.remove();
    if (result.length == totalLen) {
      return result;