* the data from the client to be sent through the network
* the data sent by your program to be received by the client through the network
* the contents of a file in the disk to be read by the system and given to your program
* the contents your program gave to the system to be written to disk
* a remote API operation

Now that we have **multiple models**, we can update the parts of the app that use them.

We receive in the request a `HeroCreate` *data model*, and from it, we create a `Hero` *table model*.

This new *table model* `Hero` will have the fields sent by the client, and will also have an `id` generated by the database.

But then you have to call "that method that converts the first letter to upper case".

Was it `upper`? Was it `uppercase`? `first_uppercase`? `capitalize`?

Then, you try with the old programmer's friend, editor autocompletion.

You type the first parameter of the function, `first_name`, then a dot (`.`) and then hit `Ctrl+Space` to trigger the completion.

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *

@app.post("/login")
# Here we use string annotations to test them
def login(form_data: "OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict" = Depends()):
    return form_data


@app.get("/users/me")
# Here we use string annotations to test them
def read_current_user(current_user: "User" = Depends(get_current_user)):
    return current_user


client = TestClient(app)


def test_security_oauth2():

* Starting in the same package that this module (the file `app/routers/items.py`) lives in (the directory `app/routers/`)...
* go to the parent package (the directory `app/`)...
* then go to the parent of that package (there's no parent package, `app` is the top level 😱)...
* and in there, find the module `dependencies` (the file at `app/dependencies.py`)...
* and from it, import the function `get_token_header`.

// Copyright Istio Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

    - creates kubeconfig for the service account the pod runs under
    - periodically copy the K8S JWT token for istio-cni on the host to connect to K8S.
    - injects the CNI plugin config to the CNI config file
        - CNI installer will try to look for the config file under the mounted CNI net dir based on file name extensions (`.conf`, `.conflist`)
        - the file name can be explicitly set by `CNI_CONF_NAME` env var

Just avoiding the copy of files doesn't necessarily improve things too much, but because it used the cache for that step, it can **use the cache for the next step**. For example, it could use the cache for the instruction that installs dependencies with:

```Dockerfile

```

</div>

And copy the output to the variable `SECRET_KEY` (don't use the one in the example).

Create a variable `ALGORITHM` with the algorithm used to sign the JWT token and set it to `"HS256"`.

Create a variable for the expiration of the token.

Define a Pydantic Model that will be used in the token endpoint for the response.

Create a utility function to generate a new access token.