if (index == end) {
          return -c1;
        }
        // Otherwise look for the low surrogate following it
        char c2 = seq.charAt(index);
        if (Character.isLowSurrogate(c2)) {
          return Character.toCodePoint(c1, c2);
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "Expected low surrogate but got char '"
                + c2

  static boolean validSurrogatePairAt(CharSequence string, int index) {
    return index >= 0
        && index <= (string.length() - 2)
        && Character.isHighSurrogate(string.charAt(index))
        && Character.isLowSurrogate(string.charAt(index + 1));
  }

  /**
   * Returns the given {@code template} string with each occurrence of {@code "%s"} replaced with

  static boolean validSurrogatePairAt(CharSequence string, int index) {
    return index >= 0
        && index <= (string.length() - 2)
        && Character.isHighSurrogate(string.charAt(index))
        && Character.isLowSurrogate(string.charAt(index + 1));
  }

  /**
   * Returns the given {@code template} string with each occurrence of {@code "%s"} replaced with