//
  // ValueGraph properties
  //

  /**
   * Returns true if the edges in this graph are directed. Directed edges connect a {@link
   * EndpointPair#source() source node} to a {@link EndpointPair#target() target node}, while
   * undirected edges connect a pair of nodes to each other.
   */
  @Override
  boolean isDirected();

  /**

  }

  private static SuccessorsFunction<Character> createDirectedGraph(String... edges) {
    return createGraph(/* directed= */ true, edges);
  }

  private static SuccessorsFunction<Character> createUndirectedGraph(String... edges) {
    return createGraph(/* directed= */ false, edges);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a graph from a list of node pairs (encoded as strings, e.g. "ab" means that this graph

   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the endpoints are unordered and the network is directed
   * @since 27.1
   */
  Set<E> edgesConnecting(EndpointPair<N> endpoints);

  /**
   * Returns the single edge that directly connects {@code nodeU} to {@code nodeV}, if one is
   * present, or {@code null} if no such edge exists.
   *
   * <p>In an undirected network, this is equal to {@code edgeConnectingOrNull(nodeV, nodeU)}.
   *

  //
  // Graph properties
  //

  /**
   * Returns true if the edges in this graph are directed. Directed edges connect a {@link
   * EndpointPair#source() source node} to a {@link EndpointPair#target() target node}, while
   * undirected edges connect a pair of nodes to each other.
   */
  @Override
  boolean isDirected();

  /**

   * }
   *
   * @param tree {@link SuccessorsFunction} representing a directed acyclic graph that has at most
   *     one path between any two nodes
   */
  public static <N> Traverser<N> forTree(SuccessorsFunction<N> tree) {
    if (tree instanceof BaseGraph) {
      checkArgument(((BaseGraph<?>) tree).isDirected(), "Undirected graphs can never be trees.");
    }
    if (tree instanceof Network) {

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * An implementation of {@link GraphConnections} for directed graphs.
 *
 * @author James Sexton
 * @author Jens Nyman
 * @param <N> Node parameter type
 * @param <V> Value parameter type
 */
final class DirectedGraphConnections<N, V> implements GraphConnections<N, V> {

 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>Test cases related to whether the graph is directed or undirected.
 *   <li>Test cases related to the specific implementation of the {@link Graph} interface.
 * </ul>
 *
 * TODO(user): Make this class generic (using <N, E>) for all node and edge types.
 * TODO(user): Differentiate between directed and undirected edge strings.
 */
@NullUnmarked
public abstract class AbstractGraphTest {

        // repeat the request (even non-idempotent ones.)
        if (!chain.retryOnConnectionFailure) {
          // The application layer has directed us not to retry the request.
          return null
        }

        val requestBody = userResponse.request.body
        if (requestBody != null && requestBody.isOneShot()) {
          return null
        }

   */
  public static boolean hasCycle(Network<?, ?> network) {
    // In a directed graph, parallel edges cannot introduce a cycle in an acyclic graph.
    // However, in an undirected graph, any parallel edge induces a cycle in the graph.
    if (!network.isDirected()
        && network.allowsParallelEdges()
        && network.edges().size() > network.asGraph().edges().size()) {
      return true;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;

import java.util.Set;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;
import org.junit.Test;

/**
 * Abstract base class for testing directed {@link Graph} implementations defined in this package.
 */
@NullUnmarked
public abstract class AbstractStandardDirectedGraphTest extends AbstractGraphTest {

  @Override
  @Test