*
   * In order to support preemptive authentication we pass a fake "Auth Failed" response to the
   * authenticator. This gives the authenticator the option to customize the CONNECT request. It can
   * decline to do so by returning null, in which case OkHttp will use it as-is.
   */
  @Throws(IOException::class)
  private fun createTunnelRequest(route: Route): Request {
    val proxyConnectRequest =
      Request

To do that, you can declare that `None` is a valid type but simply do not declare a default value:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006c_an_py310.py hl[9] *}

## Query parameter list / multiple values { #query-parameter-list-multiple-values }

When you define a query parameter explicitly with `Query` you can also declare it to receive a list of values, or said in another way, to receive multiple values.

	if len(p) > sr.max {
		p = p[0:sr.max]
	}
	return sr.buf.Read(p)
}

// genLine writes to buf a predictable but non-trivial line of text of length
// n, including the terminal newline and an occasional carriage return.
// If addNewline is false, the \r and \n are not emitted.
func genLine(buf *bytes.Buffer, lineNum, n int, addNewline bool) {
	buf.Reset()
	doCR := lineNum%5 == 0
	if doCR {
		n--

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial004.py hl[2] *}

## Declaring types { #declaring-types }

You just saw the main place to declare type hints. As function parameters.

This is also the main place you would use them with **FastAPI**.

### Simple types { #simple-types }

You can declare all the standard Python types, not only `str`.

You can use, for example:

* `int`
* `float`
* `bool`
* `bytes`

				acceptArg = false
			default:
				in.Error("bad definition for macro:", name)
			}
		}
	}
	var tokens []Token
	// Scan to newline. Backslashes escape newlines.
	for tok != '\n' {
		if tok == scanner.EOF {
			in.Error("missing newline in definition for macro:", name)
		}
		if tok == '\\' {
			tok = in.Stack.Next()
			if tok != '\n' && tok != '\\' {

///

{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial005_an_py310.py hl[157] *}

## Declare scopes in *path operations* and dependencies { #declare-scopes-in-path-operations-and-dependencies }

Now we declare that the *path operation* for `/users/me/items/` requires the scope `items`.

For this, we import and use `Security` from `fastapi`.

But if you return a `Response` directly (or any subclass, like `JSONResponse`), the data won't be automatically converted (even if you declare a `response_model`), and the documentation won't be automatically generated (for example, including the specific "media type", in the HTTP header `Content-Type` as part of the generated OpenAPI).

Hug inspired parts of APIStar, and was one of the tools I found most promising, alongside APIStar.

Hug helped inspiring **FastAPI** to use Python type hints to declare parameters, and to generate a schema defining the API automatically.

Hug inspired **FastAPI** to declare a `response` parameter in functions to set headers and cookies.

///

cluster_deadline                (duration)  set the deadline for cluster readiness check (default: '10s')
cors_allow_origin               (csv)       set comma separated list of origins allowed for CORS requests (default: '*')
remote_transport_deadline       (duration)  set the deadline for API requests on remote transports while proxying between federated instances e.g. "2h" (default: '2h')

<abbr title="too long; didn't read"><strong>TL;DR:</strong></abbr>

If you are using third party libraries that tell you to call them with `await`, like:

```Python
results = await some_library()
```

Then, declare your *path operation functions* with `async def` like:

```Python hl_lines="2"
@app.get('/')
async def read_results():
    results = await some_library()
    return results
```

/// note