* Those certificates are actually **acquired** from the third party, not "generated".
* Certificates have a **lifetime**.
    * They **expire**.
    * And then they need to be **renewed**, **acquired again** from the third party.
* The encryption of the connection happens at the **TCP level**.
    * That's one layer **below HTTP**.

* `upgrade`: Upgrades
    * This is for upgrades to direct dependencies from the project, or extra optional dependencies, normally in `pyproject.toml`. So, things that would affect final users, they would end up receiving the upgrade in their code base once they update. But this is not for upgrades to internal dependencies used for development, testing, docs, etc. Those internal dependencies or GitHub Action versions should be marked as `internal`, not `upgrade`.

You can use OAuth2 scopes directly with **FastAPI**, they are integrated to work seamlessly.

This would allow you to have a more fine-grained permission system, following the OAuth2 standard, integrated into your OpenAPI application (and the API docs).

OAuth2 with scopes is the mechanism used by many big authentication providers, like Facebook, Google, GitHub, Microsoft, X (Twitter), etc. They use it to provide specific permissions to users and applications.

So, they will be included in the JSON response.

/// tip

Notice that the default values can be anything, not only `None`.

They can be a list (`[]`), a `float` of `10.5`, etc.

///

- find accounts whose group memberships have changed; access policies available to a credential are updated to reflect the change, i.e. they will lose any privileges associated with a group they are removed from, and gain any privileges associated with a group they are added to.

 * the keys in the order they were first added to the multimap. Similarly, {@code get}, {@code
 * removeAll}, and {@code replaceValues} return collections that iterate through the values in the
 * order they were added. The collections generated by {@code entries} and {@code values} iterate
 * across the key-value mappings in the order they were added to the multimap.
 *

Those worker processes would be the ones running your application, they would perform the main computations to receive a **request** and return a **response**, and they would load anything you put in variables in RAM.

<img src="/img/deployment/concepts/process-ram.drawio.svg">

 * the keys in the order they were first added to the multimap. Similarly, {@code get}, {@code
 * removeAll}, and {@code replaceValues} return collections that iterate through the values in the
 * order they were added. The collections generated by {@code entries} and {@code values} iterate
 * across the key-value mappings in the order they were added to the multimap.
 *

In many cases they will only copy a fragment of the code, but that's not enough to **reproduce the problem**.

* You can ask them to provide a [minimal, reproducible, example](https://stackoverflow.com/help/minimal-reproducible-example), that you can **copy-paste** and run locally to see the same error or behavior they are seeing, or to understand their use case better.

It also re-declares `id: int`. By doing this, we are making a **contract** with the API clients, so that they can always expect the `id` to be there and to be an `int` (it will never be `None`).

/// tip

Having the return model ensure that a value is always available and always `int` (not `None`) is very useful for the API clients, they can write much simpler code having this certainty.