}

    /**
     * Safe integer multiplication with overflow check
     *
     * @param a first operand
     * @param b second operand
     * @return product of a and b
     * @throws ArithmeticException if overflow occurs
     */
    public static int safeMultiply(int a, int b) {
        validateIntegerMultiplication(a, b, "Multiplication");
        return a * b;
    }

    /**

                    int safeShift = Math.min(MAX_BACKOFF_SHIFT, Math.max(0, retryCount - 1));
                    long multiplier = 1L << safeShift;
                    // Check for potential overflow before multiplication
                    long delay = (retryDelayMs > Long.MAX_VALUE / multiplier) ? MAX_RETRY_DELAY
                            : Math.min(MAX_RETRY_DELAY, retryDelayMs * multiplier);
                    Thread.sleep(delay);

      return true;
    }
  },
  /**
   * This strategy uses all 128 bits of {@link Hashing#murmur3_128} when hashing. It looks different
   * from the implementation in MURMUR128_MITZ_32 because we're avoiding the multiplication in the
   * loop and doing a (much simpler) += hash2. We're also changing the index to a positive number by
   * AND'ing with Long.MAX_VALUE instead of flipping the bits.
   */
  MURMUR128_MITZ_64() {
    @Override

    double ySumOfSquaresOfDeltas = yStats.sumOfSquaresOfDeltas();
    checkState(xSumOfSquaresOfDeltas > 0.0);
    checkState(ySumOfSquaresOfDeltas > 0.0);
    // The product of two positive numbers can be zero if the multiplication underflowed. We
    // force a positive value by effectively rounding up to MIN_VALUE.
    double productOfSumsOfSquaresOfDeltas =
        ensurePositive(xSumOfSquaresOfDeltas * ySumOfSquaresOfDeltas);

    assertEquals(1, future.get(-1, SECONDS).intValue());
  }

  @J2ktIncompatible
  @GwtIncompatible // threads
  public void testOverflowTimeout() throws Exception {
    // First, sanity check that naive multiplication would really overflow to a negative number:
    long nanosPerSecond = NANOSECONDS.convert(1, SECONDS);
    assertThat(nanosPerSecond * Long.MAX_VALUE).isLessThan(0L);

        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> InputValidator.safeAdd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, -1));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test safe integer multiplication")
    void testSafeMultiplication() {
        assertEquals(100, InputValidator.safeMultiply(10, 10));
        assertEquals(-100, InputValidator.safeMultiply(10, -10));

    double ySumOfSquaresOfDeltas = yStats().sumOfSquaresOfDeltas();
    checkState(xSumOfSquaresOfDeltas > 0.0);
    checkState(ySumOfSquaresOfDeltas > 0.0);
    // The product of two positive numbers can be zero if the multiplication underflowed. We
    // force a positive value by effectively rounding up to MIN_VALUE.
    double productOfSumsOfSquaresOfDeltas =
        ensurePositive(xSumOfSquaresOfDeltas * ySumOfSquaresOfDeltas);

        if (result > Integer.MAX_VALUE || result < Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            failedValidations.incrementAndGet();
            integerOverflowsPrevented.incrementAndGet();
            log.warn("Integer overflow in multiplication: {} * {} = {}", a, b, result);
            throw new SmbException("Integer overflow detected");
        }
        return (int) result;
    }

    /**
     * Validate SMB message size
     *

    // Strip off 2s from this value.
    int shift = Long.numberOfTrailingZeros(product);
    product >>= shift;

    // Use floor(log2(num)) + 1 to prevent overflow of multiplication.
    int productBits = LongMath.log2(product, FLOOR) + 1;
    int bits = LongMath.log2(startingNumber, FLOOR) + 1;
    // Check for the next power of two boundary, to save us a CLZ operation.

            // When
            int bytesConsumed = fileFsSizeInfo.decode(bufferArray, 0, bufferArray.length);

            // Then
            assertEquals(24, bytesConsumed);
            // Note: multiplication may overflow, but that's expected behavior
            long expectedCapacity = Long.MAX_VALUE * (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE * (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            assertEquals(expectedCapacity, fileFsSizeInfo.getCapacity());