* value slightly too high than slightly too low. If the value is not exact, the {@link
   * ImmutableLongArray} that is built will very likely occupy more memory than strictly necessary;
   * to trim memory usage, build using {@code builder.build().trimmed()}.
   */
  public static Builder builder(int initialCapacity) {
    checkArgument(initialCapacity >= 0, "Invalid initialCapacity: %s", initialCapacity);

        // requireNonNull is safe because we always have either `file` or `memory`.
        requireNonNull(memory);
        return new ByteArrayInputStream(memory.getBuffer(), 0, memory.getCount());
      }
    }

    synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
      try {
        close();
      } finally {
        if (memory == null) {
          memory = new MemoryOutput();
        } else {
          memory.reset();

 * class to read a response that is larger than the entire memory allocated to the current process.
 * It can even stream a response larger than the total storage on the current device, which is a
 * common requirement for video streaming applications.
 *
 * Because this class does not buffer the full response in memory, the application may not

        // Test that constructor accepts Error as cause (verifies Throwable parameter change)
        String message = "SSO login failed due to memory error";
        OutOfMemoryError error = new OutOfMemoryError("Not enough memory for SSO login");
        SsoLoginException exception = new SsoLoginException(message, error);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());

- **Caching** - Bean descriptors and reflection metadata are cached for improved performance
- **Lazy initialization** - Resources and expensive operations are initialized only when needed  
- **Memory efficient** - Specialized collections like `LruHashMap` and `ArrayMap` for memory-conscious applications
- **Java 21 features** - Switch expressions and pattern matching for reduced overhead

## 🧪 Building and Testing

### Development Setup
```bash

 * <p>This class should not be assumed to be universally superior to {@code java.util.HashSet}.
 * Generally speaking, this class reduces object allocation and memory consumption at the price of
 * moderately increased constant factors of CPU. Only use this class when there is a specific reason
 * to prioritize memory over CPU.
 *
 * @author Dimitris Andreou
 * @author Jon Noack
 */
@GwtIncompatible // not worth using in GWT for now

   * response body. Call `body.source().request(1024 * 1024)` to block until either that's done, or
   * 1 MiB of response data is loaded into memory. (You could use any size here, though large values
   * risk exhausting memory.)
   *
   * This returns an empty value if the trailers are available, but have no data.
   *

        // Test that constructor accepts Error as cause (verifies Throwable parameter change)
        String message = "SSO process failed due to OutOfMemoryError";
        OutOfMemoryError error = new OutOfMemoryError("Insufficient memory for SSO processing");
        SsoProcessException exception = new SsoProcessException(message, error);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());

        // Test Error with abort flag
        String url = "http://example.com/critical-resource";
        String message = "Critical memory error during crawling";
        OutOfMemoryError error = new OutOfMemoryError("Cannot allocate memory");

        DataStoreCrawlingException exception = new DataStoreCrawlingException(url, message, error, true);

        assertEquals(url, exception.getUrl());

        // This verifies the change from Exception to Throwable parameter
        String message = "Thumbnail generation failed due to OutOfMemoryError";
        Error error = new OutOfMemoryError("Not enough memory");
        ThumbnailGenerationException exception = new ThumbnailGenerationException(message, error);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());