Our Id type is a prime example of this.

    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("1.0"))
    1.0

    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("1"))
    1

    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("NaN"))
    nan
    """
    exponent = dec_value.as_tuple().exponent
    if isinstance(exponent, int) and exponent >= 0:
        return int(dec_value)
    else:
        return float(dec_value)

    int decimal = 0;
    int max = Integer.MAX_VALUE / 10; // for int overflow detection
    for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
      if (decimal > max) {
        return -1;
      }
      decimal *= 10;
      int digit = Character.digit(string.charAt(i), 10);
      if (digit < 0) {
        return -1;
      }
      decimal += digit;
    }
    return decimal;
  }

- **Type Safe** - Comprehensive use of generics and modern Java type system features

### Additional Components
- **Text Processing** (`org.codelibs.core.text`) - JSON utilities, tokenization, decimal formatting, and text manipulation
- **Logging Abstraction** (`org.codelibs.core.log`) - Flexible logging system supporting JCL (Jakarta Commons Logging) and JUL (Java Util Logging)

// CastFunc represents CAST sql function
type CastFunc struct {
	Expr     *Expression `parser:" \"CAST\" \"(\" @@ "`
	CastType string      `parser:" \"AS\" @(\"BOOL\" | \"INT\" | \"INTEGER\" | \"STRING\" | \"FLOAT\" | \"DECIMAL\" | \"NUMERIC\" | \"TIMESTAMP\") \")\" "`
}

// SubstringFunc represents SUBSTRING sql function
type SubstringFunc struct {
	Expr *PrimaryTerm `parser:" \"SUBSTRING\" \"(\" @@ "`

 *
 * This matches IPv6 addresses as a hex string containing at least one colon, and possibly
 * including dots after the first colon. It matches IPv4 addresses as strings containing only
 * decimal digits and dots. This pattern matches strings like "a:.23" and "54" that are neither IP
 * addresses nor hostnames; they will be verified as IP addresses (which is a more strict
 * verification).
 */

        assertTrue(defaultTz.getID().length() > 0);

        // Central timezone should match default
        assertEquals(defaultTz, FessUserTimeZoneProcessProvider.centralTimeZone);
    }

    // Test with decimal values in string (should be handled by config)
    @Test
    public void test_decimalStringValues() {
        FessConfig decimalConfig = new FessConfig.SimpleImpl() {

        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Textual constructor with hex identifier authority")
        void testTextualConstructorHexAuthority() throws Exception {
            // Arrange: 0x5 == decimal 5 results in decimal authority in toString
            SID sid = new SID("S-1-0x000000000005-21-99");

            // Act
            String s = sid.toString();

            // Assert
            assertEquals("S-1-5-21-99", s);

    long rem = dividend - quotient * divisor;
    return rem - (compare(rem, divisor) >= 0 ? divisor : 0);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the unsigned {@code long} value represented by the given decimal string.
   *
   * <p><b>Java 8+ users:</b> use {@link Long#parseUnsignedLong(String)} instead.
   *
   * @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a valid unsigned {@code long}
   *     value

    return (int) (toLong(dividend) % toLong(divisor));
  }

  /**
   * Returns the unsigned {@code int} value represented by the given string.
   *
   * <p>Accepts a decimal, hexadecimal, or octal number given by specifying the following prefix:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>{@code 0x}<i>HexDigits</i>
   *   <li>{@code 0X}<i>HexDigits</i>
   *   <li>{@code #}<i>HexDigits</i>

        assertNotNull(output);
        // Should start at offset 0 in display but show data from offset 16
        assertTrue(output.contains("00000:"));
        // First byte should be 0x10 (16 in decimal)
        assertTrue(output.contains(" 10 11 12"));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should convert hex chars correctly")
    void testToHexChars() {
        // Test integer conversion