* href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PrimitivesExplained">primitive utilities</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Chars {
  private Chars() {}

  /**
   * The number of bytes required to represent a primitive {@code char} value.
   *
   * <p>Prefer {@link Character#BYTES} instead.
   */

 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PrimitivesExplained">primitive utilities</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Chars {
  private Chars() {}

  /**
   * The number of bytes required to represent a primitive {@code char} value.
   *
   * <p>Prefer {@link Character#BYTES} instead.
   */

        }
      }
      return chars.subSequence(0, l + 1);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean canDecode(CharSequence chars) {
      checkNotNull(chars);
      chars = trimTrailingPadding(chars);
      if (!alphabet.isValidPaddingStartPosition(chars.length())) {
        return false;
      }
      for (int i = 0; i < chars.length(); i++) {
        if (!alphabet.canDecode(chars.charAt(i))) {
          return false;

    assertThat(Chars.contains(ARRAY234, (char) 2)).isTrue();
    assertThat(Chars.contains(ARRAY234, (char) 3)).isTrue();
    assertThat(Chars.contains(ARRAY234, (char) 4)).isTrue();
  }

  public void testIndexOf() {
    assertThat(Chars.indexOf(EMPTY, (char) 1)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Chars.indexOf(ARRAY1, (char) 2)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Chars.indexOf(ARRAY234, (char) 1)).isEqualTo(-1);

   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static String toLowerCase(CharSequence chars) {
    if (chars instanceof String) {
      return toLowerCase((String) chars);
    }
    char[] newChars = new char[chars.length()];
    for (int i = 0; i < newChars.length; i++) {
      newChars[i] = toLowerCase(chars.charAt(i));
    }
    return String.valueOf(newChars);
  }

  /**

   * Reader#skip(long) skip} to the end of the stream, and return the total number of chars that
   * were skipped.
   *
   * <p>Note that for sources that implement {@link #lengthIfKnown} to provide a more efficient
   * implementation, it is <i>possible</i> that this method will return a different number of chars
   * than would be returned by reading all of the chars.
   *

   * Reader#skip(long) skip} to the end of the stream, and return the total number of chars that
   * were skipped.
   *
   * <p>Note that for sources that implement {@link #lengthIfKnown} to provide a more efficient
   * implementation, it is <i>possible</i> that this method will return a different number of chars
   * than would be returned by reading all of the chars.
   *

        if (isEmpty(name)) {
            return name;
        }
        final char[] chars = name.toCharArray();
        if (chars.length >= 2 && Character.isUpperCase(chars[0]) && Character.isUpperCase(chars[1])) {
            return name;
        }
        chars[0] = Character.toLowerCase(chars[0]);
        return new String(chars);
    }

    /**
     * Capitalizes a string according to JavaBeans conventions.

     * Convert char array to byte array (UTF-8)
     */
    private byte[] charsToBytes(char[] chars) {
        if (chars == null) {
            return null;
        }

        // Use UTF-8 encoding
        byte[] bytes = new byte[chars.length * 3]; // Max 3 bytes per char in UTF-8
        int byteIndex = 0;

        for (char c : chars) {
            if (c < 0x80) {
                bytes[byteIndex++] = (byte) c;

        assertEquals("000", Hexdump.toHexString(data1, 0, 3)); // 3 chars = 1.5 bytes (rounds up to 2)
        assertEquals("0001", Hexdump.toHexString(data1, 0, 4)); // 4 chars = 2 bytes
        assertEquals("000102", Hexdump.toHexString(data1, 0, 6)); // 6 chars = 3 bytes
        assertEquals("00010203", Hexdump.toHexString(data1, 0, 8)); // 8 chars = 4 bytes