assertEquals("5 + 6 = 11", Strings.lenientFormat("5 + 6 = %s", 11));
    assertEquals("5 + 6 = 11", Strings.lenientFormat("%s + %s = %s", 5, 6, 11));
    assertEquals(
        "5 + 6 = 11", Strings.lenientFormat("%s + %s = %s", (Object[]) new Integer[] {5, 6, 11}));
    assertEquals("null [null, null]", Strings.lenientFormat("%s", null, null, null));
    assertEquals("null [5, 6]", Strings.lenientFormat(null, 5, 6));

        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];

        int written = request.writeBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0);

        // Should write exactly 56 bytes (structure size without data)
        assertEquals(56, written);
        // Check structure size (first 2 bytes should be 57)
        assertEquals(57, (buffer[0] & 0xFF) | ((buffer[1] & 0xFF) << 8));
    }

    @Test

    private void deskey(final byte[] keyBlock, final boolean encrypting, final int[] KnL) {

        int i, j, l, m, n;
        final int[] pc1m = new int[56];
        final int[] pcr = new int[56];
        final int[] kn = new int[32];

        for (j = 0; j < 56; ++j) {
            l = pc1[j];
            m = l & 07;
            pc1m[j] = (keyBlock[l >>> 3] & bytebit[m]) != 0 ? 1 : 0;
        }

        byte[] buffer = createValidBuffer("file.txt", "FILE~1.TXT", true);
        int expectedAttributes = 0x00000021; // FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY | FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE
        SMBUtil.writeInt4(expectedAttributes, buffer, 56);

        // Decode
        fileBothDirectoryInfo.decode(buffer, 0, buffer.length);

        // Verify
        assertEquals(expectedAttributes, fileBothDirectoryInfo.getAttributes());
    }

    @Test

  public void testIsConnected() {
    assertTrue(Range.closed(3, 5).isConnected(Range.open(5, 6)));
    assertTrue(Range.closed(3, 5).isConnected(Range.closed(5, 6)));
    assertTrue(Range.closed(5, 6).isConnected(Range.closed(3, 5)));
    assertTrue(Range.closed(3, 5).isConnected(Range.openClosed(5, 5)));
    assertTrue(Range.open(3, 5).isConnected(Range.closed(5, 6)));
    assertTrue(Range.closed(3, 7).isConnected(Range.open(6, 8)));

            // End of File (8 bytes)
            SMBUtil.writeInt8(1024, buffer, bufferIndex + 48);
            // File Attributes (4 bytes)
            SMBUtil.writeInt4(0x20, buffer, bufferIndex + 56); // FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE

            // When
            int bytesRead = response.readBytesWireFormat(buffer, bufferIndex);

            // Then
            assertEquals(60, bytesRead);

    public void testExcessiveSecurityBufferSize() {
        byte[] buffer = createBasicNegotiateResponseBuffer();

        // Set security buffer length to excessive size (> 64KB)
        SMBUtil.writeInt2(128, buffer, 56); // Security buffer offset
        // writeInt2(100000) will truncate to 100000 & 0xFFFF = 34464
        SMBUtil.writeInt2(100000, buffer, 58); // This becomes 34464 due to 16-bit truncation

  public void testIsConnected() {
    assertTrue(Range.closed(3, 5).isConnected(Range.open(5, 6)));
    assertTrue(Range.closed(3, 5).isConnected(Range.closed(5, 6)));
    assertTrue(Range.closed(5, 6).isConnected(Range.closed(3, 5)));
    assertTrue(Range.closed(3, 5).isConnected(Range.openClosed(5, 5)));
    assertTrue(Range.open(3, 5).isConnected(Range.closed(5, 6)));
    assertTrue(Range.closed(3, 7).isConnected(Range.open(6, 8)));

        // Verify lease state
        assertEquals(leaseState, SMBUtil.readInt4(buffer, 40));

        // Verify directory-specific data
        assertEquals(DirectoryCacheScope.RECURSIVE_TREE.ordinal(), SMBUtil.readInt4(buffer, 56)); // CacheScope
        assertEquals(45000L, SMBUtil.readInt8(buffer, 60)); // MaxCacheAge

        // Verify flags (RECURSIVE_TREE + NOTIFICATIONS)

            assertEquals(2, SMBUtil.readInt4(buffer, 40));

            // Verify third lock
            assertEquals(500L, SMBUtil.readInt8(buffer, 48));
            assertEquals(600L, SMBUtil.readInt8(buffer, 56));
            assertEquals(4, SMBUtil.readInt4(buffer, 64));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should handle power of two values")
        void testPowerOfTwoValues() {