`@lru_cache` is part of `functools` which is part of Python's standard library, you can read more about it in the <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.lru_cache" class="external-link" target="_blank">Python docs for `@lru_cache`</a>.

## Recap

    !!! note
        The `--no-cache-dir` is only related to `pip`, it has nothing to do with Docker or containers.

    The `--upgrade` option tells `pip` to upgrade the packages if they are already installed.

    Because the previous step copying the file could be detected by the **Docker cache**, this step will also **use the Docker cache** when available.