}
      return result;
    }

    @Override
    public long distance(Long start, Long end) {
      long result = end - start;
      if (end > start && result < 0) { // overflow
        return Long.MAX_VALUE;
      }
      if (end < start && result > 0) { // underflow
        return Long.MIN_VALUE;
      }
      return result;
    }

    @Override

    Range<Integer> closedRange = Range.closed(4, 8);

    // first range open end, second range open start
    assertEquals(Range.closed(2, 4), Range.lessThan(2).gap(openRange));
    assertEquals(Range.closed(2, 4), openRange.gap(Range.lessThan(2)));

    // first range closed end, second range open start
    assertEquals(Range.openClosed(2, 4), Range.atMost(2).gap(openRange));

   * overload is useful for debugging to get the loop to start at a certain character.
   *
   * @param numBytes the number of bytes in the byte array
   * @param expectedCount the expected number of roundtrippable permutations
   * @param start the starting bytes encoded as a long as big-endian

      // the worker has yet to start) then we don't need to start the worker.
      if (workerRunningState == RUNNING || workerRunningState == QUEUED) {
        queue.add(task);
        return;
      }

      oldRunCount = workerRunCount;

      // If the worker is not yet running, the delegate Executor might reject our attempt to start

      return 3;
    }

    @Override
    public char charAt(int index) {
      return "foo".charAt(index);
    }

    @Override
    public CharSequence subSequence(int start, int end) {
      return "foo".subSequence(start, end);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      throw new AssertionFailedError("shouldn't be invoked");
    }
  }

  // Don't do this.

    final byte[] array;
    final int start;
    final int end;

    ByteArrayAsList(byte[] array) {
      this(array, 0, array.length);
    }

    ByteArrayAsList(byte[] array, int start, int end) {
      this.array = array;
      this.start = start;
      this.end = end;
    }

    @Override
    public int size() {
      return end - start;
    }

    @Override

      }
      return result;
    }

    @Override
    public long distance(Long start, Long end) {
      long result = end - start;
      if (end > start && result < 0) { // overflow
        return Long.MAX_VALUE;
      }
      if (end < start && result > 0) { // underflow
        return Long.MIN_VALUE;
      }
      return result;
    }

    @Override

    final float[] array;
    final int start;
    final int end;

    FloatArrayAsList(float[] array) {
      this(array, 0, array.length);
    }

    FloatArrayAsList(float[] array, int start, int end) {
      this.array = array;
      this.start = start;
      this.end = end;
    }

    @Override
    public int size() {
      return end - start;
    }

    @Override

    final char[] array;
    final int start;
    final int end;

    CharArrayAsList(char[] array) {
      this(array, 0, array.length);
    }

    CharArrayAsList(char[] array, int start, int end) {
      this.array = array;
      this.start = start;
      this.end = end;
    }

    @Override
    public int size() {
      return end - start;
    }

    @Override

    final double[] array;
    final int start;
    final int end;

    DoubleArrayAsList(double[] array) {
      this(array, 0, array.length);
    }

    DoubleArrayAsList(double[] array, int start, int end) {
      this.array = array;
      this.start = start;
      this.end = end;
    }

    @Override
    public int size() {
      return end - start;
    }

    @Override