relation, ok := db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Relations[join.Name]
					if ok {
						isRelations = true
						relations = append(relations, relation)
					} else {
						// handle nested join like "Manager.Company"
						nestedJoinNames := strings.Split(join.Name, ".")
						if len(nestedJoinNames) > 1 {
							isNestedJoin := true
							gussNestedRelations := make([]*schema.Relationship, 0, len(nestedJoinNames))

package gorm

import (
	"fmt"
	"regexp"
	"strings"

	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
)

// Model specify the model you would like to run db operations
//
//	// update all users's name to `hello`
//	db.Model(&User{}).Update("name", "hello")
//	// if user's primary key is non-blank, will use it as condition, then will only update that user's name to `hello`
//	db.Model(&user).Update("name", "hello")

	if err := DB.Find(&langs2, "code LIKE ?", "upsert-slice%").Error; err != nil {
		t.Errorf("no error should happen when find languages with code, but got %v", err)
	} else if len(langs2) != 3 {
		t.Errorf("should only find only 3 languages, but got %+v", langs2)
	}

	DB.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{DoNothing: true}).Create(&langs)
	var langs3 []Language
	if err := DB.Find(&langs3, "code LIKE ?", "upsert-slice%").Error; err != nil {

				// looks like a where condition
				return []clause.Expression{clause.Expr{SQL: s, Vars: args}}
			}

			if len(args) > 0 && strings.Contains(s, "@") {
				// looks like a named query
				return []clause.Expression{clause.NamedExpr{SQL: s, Vars: args}}
			}

			if strings.Contains(strings.TrimSpace(s), " ") {
				// looks like a where condition

		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
	}

	var userIDs []uint
	for _, user := range users {
		userIDs = append(userIDs, user.ID)
	}

	var users2 []User
	DB.Preload("Pets.Toy", "name like ?", `%preload_3`).Find(&users2, "id IN ?", userIDs)

	for idx, user := range users2[0:2] {
		for _, pet := range user.Pets {
			if pet.Toy.Name != "" {

func assertEqualSQL(t *testing.T, expected string, actually string) {
	t.Helper()

	// replace SQL quote, convert into postgresql like ""
	expected = replaceQuoteInSQL(expected)
	actually = replaceQuoteInSQL(actually)

	// ignore updated_at value, because it's generated in Gorm internal, can't to mock value on update.