assertArrayEquals(payload, extracted, "Payload should match original");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("readSecurityBuffer throws when array is too short")
    void testReadSecurityBufferShort() {
        byte[] a = new byte[] { 0x01 };
        assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -\u003e NtlmMessage.readSecurityBuffer(a, 0));
    }