For example, you could declare that something could be a `str` or `None`:

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```

`typing` also has a shortcut to declare that something could be `None`, with `Optional`.

about: Use Stack Overflow instead
title: "\U0001F649"
labels: ''
assignees: ''

---

🛑 𝙎𝙏𝙊𝙋

This issue tracker is not the place for questions!

If you want to ask how to do something, or to understand why something isn't working the way you expect it to, use Stack Overflow. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/okhttp

      Stopwatch s = Stopwatch.createStarted();
      // here is where you would do something
      total += s.elapsed(NANOSECONDS);
    }
    return total;
  }

  @Benchmark
  long manual(int reps) {
    long total = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
      long start = System.nanoTime();
      // here is where you would do something
      total += System.nanoTime() - start;
    }
    return total;
  }

    model_config = {
        "json_schema_extra": {
            "x-something-internal": {"level": 4},
        }
    }


@app.get("/foo", response_model=Item)
def foo():
    return {"name": "Foo item"}


client = TestClient(app)


item_schema = {
    "title": "Item",
    "required": ["name"],
    "type": "object",
    "x-something-internal": {
        "level": 4,
    },
    "properties": {

      Stopwatch s = Stopwatch.createStarted();
      // here is where you would do something
      total += s.elapsed(NANOSECONDS);
    }
    return total;
  }

  @Benchmark
  long manual(int reps) {
    long total = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
      long start = System.nanoTime();
      // here is where you would do something
      total += System.nanoTime() - start;
    }
    return total;
  }

            "age": "70",
            "tags": ["plumbus", "citadel"],
            "with": "something",
        },
    )
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "username": "Rick",
        "lastname": "Sanchez",
        "age": 70,
        "tags": ["plumbus", "citadel"],
        "with": "something",
    }


def test_defaults():

If you check, the function is decorated with an `@asynccontextmanager`.

That converts the function into something called an "**async context manager**".

{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py310.py hl[1,13] *}

A **context manager** in Python is something that you can use in a `with` statement, for example, `open()` can be used as a context manager:

```Python
with open("file.txt") as file:

# JSON Compatible Encoder { #json-compatible-encoder }

There are some cases where you might need to convert a data type (like a Pydantic model) to something compatible with JSON (like a `dict`, `list`, etc).

For example, if you need to store it in a database.

For that, **FastAPI** provides a `jsonable_encoder()` function.

## Using the `jsonable_encoder` { #using-the-jsonable-encoder }

A "**callable**" in Python is anything that Python can "call" like a function.

So, if you have an object `something` (that might _not_ be a function) and you can "call" it (execute it) like:

```Python
something()
```

or

```Python
something(some_argument, some_keyword_argument="foo")
```

then it is a "callable".

## Classes as dependencies { #classes-as-dependencies_1 }

  workflow_dispatch:

permissions: {}

jobs:
  feedback:
    permissions:
      issues: write
      pull-requests: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      # Feedback loop: ask for something on PR/Issue and close if not provided or return to the queue on update.
      # https://github.com/gradle/issue-management-action/blob/main/src/feedback.ts