```Python hl_lines="18-26"
{!../../../docs_src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
```

!!! note "Technical Details"
    A `Request` has a `request.scope` attribute, that's just a Python `dict` containing the metadata related to the request.

    A `Request` also has a `request.receive`, that's a function to "receive" the body of the request.

And it will be annotated / documented accordingly too.

## Nested Models

Each attribute of a Pydantic model has a type.

But that type can itself be another Pydantic model.

So, you can declare deeply nested JSON "objects" with specific attribute names, types and validations.

All that, arbitrarily nested.

### Define a submodel

!!! note "Hinweis"
    Beachten Sie, dass das hereinkommende Modell immer noch validiert wird.

    Wenn Sie also Teil-Aktualisierungen empfangen wollen, die alle Attribute auslassen können, müssen Sie ein Modell haben, dessen Attribute alle als optional gekennzeichnet sind (mit Defaultwerten oder `None`).

And these models are all sharing a lot of the data and duplicating attribute names and types.

We could do better.

We can declare a `UserBase` model that serves as a base for our other models. And then we can make subclasses of that model that inherit its attributes (type declarations, validation, etc).

All the data conversion, validation, documentation, etc. will still work as normally.

!!! info
    Webhooks are available in OpenAPI 3.1.0 and above, supported by FastAPI `0.99.0` and above.

## An app with webhooks

When you create a **FastAPI** application, there is a `webhooks` attribute that you can use to define *webhooks*, the same way you would define *path operations*, for example with `@app.webhooks.post()`.

```Python hl_lines="9-13  36-53"
{!../../../docs_src/openapi_webhooks/tutorial001.py!}
```

```Python hl_lines="35"
{!../../../docs_src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
```

!!! tip
    Notice that you are not passing the router itself (`invoices_callback_router`) to `callback=`, but the attribute `.routes`, as in `invoices_callback_router.routes`.

* Ihnen die erhaltenen Daten im Parameter `item` übergeben.
    * Da Sie diesen in der Funktion als vom Typ `Item` deklariert haben, erhalten Sie die ganze Editor-Unterstützung (Autovervollständigung, usw.) für alle Attribute und deren Typen.
* Eine <a href="https://json-schema.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a> Definition für Ihr Modell generieren, welche Sie überall sonst verwenden können, wenn es für Ihr Projekt Sinn macht.

    """
    A file uploaded in a request.

    Define it as a *path operation function* (or dependency) parameter.

    If you are using a regular `def` function, you can use the `upload_file.file`
    attribute to access the raw standard Python file (blocking, not async), useful and
    needed for non-async code.

    Read more about it in the
    [FastAPI docs for Request Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/).

```Python hl_lines="35"
{!../../../docs_src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
```

!!! tip "Tipp"
    Beachten Sie, dass Sie nicht den Router selbst (`invoices_callback_router`) an `callback=` übergeben, sondern das Attribut `.routes`, wie in `invoices_callback_router.routes`.

!!! note
    Notice that the input model is still validated.

    So, if you want to receive partial updates that can omit all the attributes, you need to have a model with all the attributes marked as optional (with default values or `None`).